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The controversy surrounding military drones has generated many proposals for restricting or prohibiting existing drones, additional autonomous variants that may be created in the future, and the sale of drones to certain markets. Moreover, there is broad interest in regulating military drones, with proposals coming not only from academics but also from NGOs and policymakers. I argue that these proposals generally fail to consider the dual-use character of drones and that they therefore provide inadequate regulatory guidance. Drones are not confined to the military but rather spread across international and domestic security roles, humanitarian relief efforts, and dozens of civilian applications. Drones, their component technologies, the control infrastructure, and the relevant technical expertise would continue to develop under a military-focused regulatory regime as civilian technologies that have the potential to be militarized. I evaluate the prospects of drone regulation with the help of research on other dual-use technologies, while also showing what the study of drones can contribute to that literature. Drones' ubiquity in nonmilitary roles presents special regulatory challenges beyond those associated with WMDs and missiles, which indicates that strict regulatory controls or international governance frameworks are unlikely to succeed. With this in mind, I further argue that future research should acknowledge that drone proliferation across military and civilian spheres is unavoidable and shift focus to considering how drone warfare may be moderated by countermeasures and institutional pressures.

AbstractThe controversy surrounding military drones has generated many proposals for restricting or prohibiting existing drones, additional autonomous variants that may be created in the future, and the sale of drones to certain markets. Moreover, there is broad interest in regulating military drones, with proposals coming not only from academics but also from NGOs and policymakers. I argue that these proposals generally fail to consider the dual-use character of drones and that they therefore provide inadequate regulatory guidance. Drones are not confined to the military but rather spread across international and domestic security roles, humanitarian relief efforts, and dozens of civilian applications. Drones, their component technologies, the control infrastructure, and the relevant technical expertise would continue to develop under a military-focused regulatory regime as civilian technologies that have the potential to be militarized. I evaluate the prospects of drone regulation with the help of research on other dual-use technologies, while also showing what the study of drones can contribute to that literature. Drones' ubiquity in nonmilitary roles presents special regulatory challenges beyond those associated with WMDs and missiles, which indicates that strict regulatory controls or international governance frameworks are unlikely to succeed. With this in mind, I further argue that future research should acknowledge that drone proliferation across military and civilian spheres is unavoidable and shift focus to considering how drone warfare may be moderated by countermeasures and institutional pressures.

Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- References -- The Potential Impact of Video Manipulation and Fraudulent Simulation Technology on Political Stability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Relevance and Importance -- 4 Fake News -- 4.1 Case Study: Vaccines and Autism -- 5 Imitation of Authority -- 5.1 Imitation of Formal Authority -- 5.2 Imitation of Informal Authority -- 6 Plausible Deniability -- 6.1 Case Study: Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Artificial Intelligence: Unpacking Political, Rhetorical, and Security Factors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Military Applications -- 2.1 Situational Awareness -- 2.2 Command and Control (C2) -- 2.3 Cyber -- 2.4 Autonomy -- 2.5 Nuclear Weapons -- 3 Rhetoric and Ideational Factors -- 3.1 Will AI Replicate Human Biases, Stereotypes, and Prejudices? -- 3.2 Who's Got the AI Advantage… or Creative Countermeasures -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- The Impacts of Proliferation and Autonomy of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems on Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Motivation -- 3 Security Puzzle and Research Questions -- 3.1 Security: Use by Non-state Actors -- 3.2 Security: Cybersecurity -- 3.3 Safety -- 3.4 Privacy -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Dependent Variables -- 4.2 Independent Variables -- 5 Analysis -- 6 Swarms and Countermeasures -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Development and Proliferation of Flexible and Wearable Electronics: Opportunities and Challenges for National Security -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Cardwell's Law -- 1.2 The U.S. S& -- T Dominance -- 1.3 China as the Next S& -- T Superpower? -- 1.4 Dual-Use Technologies of Concern -- 1.5 Non-State Actors -- 1.6 The Keys of Innovation -- 2 Relevance and Importance -- 2.1 The Torch Program -- 2.2 From S& -- T to Politics-China's Thirst for Power -- 2.3 The U.S. Military.

AbstractThe article examines which technical aspects of autonomous driving are potentially transferable to the military sector. Through expert interviews the strong fragmentation of technologies in the field of autonomous driving becomes apparent. This hinders the clear identification of a specific dual-use technology. Environmental perception, artificial intelligence and sensors are considered to have the highest transferability rate from civil research to the military sector. Therefore, sensor development should receive special attention.